Alpha-synuclein, the protein implicated in Parkinson's disease, is primarily localized in presynaptic terminals of neurons. In particular, it is involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release, maintenance of synaptic integrity, and plasticity of synapses and, consequently, cognitive processes. But it's not simply the presence of a protein that is important, much more important is the place and time a protein changes, either in location, composition, or in shape. Those changes are caused by a chemical signal for example: phosphorylation. Phosphorylation events are omnipresent in our bodies. For example, phosphorylation of muscles' myosin, enables the contraction of muscle filaments. Phosphorylation is catalyzed by enzymes known as kinases which regulate various cellular functions by adding phosphate groups to specific target molecules. The phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle is dynamic and reversible, providing cells with a rapid and precise means of responding to external cues. Importantly, the balance between kinase and phosphatase activity (enzymes that remove phosphate groups) determines the overall phosphorylation status of a cell and influences its physiological state.
The phosphorylation of alpha-synuclein is associated with the formation of aggregates like Lewy bodies, contributing to the neurodegenerative process characteristic of Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. It is not known if the phosphorylation of alpha-synuclein is causative of Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia.
This addition of a phosphate group is done at specific sites in the molecules, in the case of alpha-synuclein, it is done at a site called Ser129. Previous research suggested that abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein, when phosphorylated at Ser129, contributes to the formation of Lewy bodies—protein aggregates commonly found in the brains of individuals with Parkinson's. These Lewy bodies are associated with the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, a hallmark of Parkinson's disease.
A new publication by Leonardo Parra-Rivas, Subhojit Roy, and colleagues at the University of California, San Diego, investigates the phosphorylation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) at the Ser129 site and its implications in Parkinson's disease (PD) and related synucleinopathies.
Their study challenges the view that Ser129 phosphorylation directly causes toxicity and proposes a physiologic role in synaptic function. Indeed this has consequences Their new research somehow has consequences for common statements that abnormal accumulation of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein, contributes to the formation of Lewy bodies—protein.
Almost all pathologically aggregated α-syn in Lewy bodies is phosphorylated at Ser129. Antibodies to Ser129 α-syn are sensitive markers for neuropathologic diagnosis in synucleinopathies. Studies often use Ser129 phosphorylation as a surrogate marker for pathology. Intrigually, inhibitors against Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2), responsible for α-syn phosphorylation, were explored as a PD drug target. However, PLK2 over-expression surprisingly suppressed neurodegeneration in vivo, challenging expectations. This hints that the physiological role of phosphorylated α-syn at Ser129 is misunderstood.
For the authors of this new publication, under normal physiological conditions, only a small fraction (∼4%) of α-syn is phosphorylated at Ser129. Despite its low frequency, Ser129P is produced during normal metabolism, raising questions about its exclusive pathological role. A recent study suggests that increasing neuronal activity augments Ser129 phosphorylation, implying that it may be linked to an increase in cognitive works and that the role of α-synuclein protein may be to regulate excessive neuronal firing. This suggests that α-syn might have a role in healthy brains, which had not previously been investigated. The researchers give an interesting example: "In hindsight, we hadn't been looking at synuclein phosphorylation the right way, take, for instance, the circuits in the olfactory bulb, which according to our data has high levels of phosphorylated α-synuclein. The nose never stops smelling, so it needs to be active all the time. One hypothesis is that synuclein phosphorylation may have evolved as a safety mechanism to protect neuronal circuits that need to be hyperactive."
The authors systematically examined α-syn Ser129 phosphorylation using various assays, in vivo studies, cell-free assays, mass spectrometry, electron microscopy, and dynamic simulations. when α-synuclein is phosphorylated, its structure changes in a way that promotes interactions with other proteins in healthy brains. The scientists propose a model where Ser129 phosphorylation induces conformational changes at the α-syn C terminus, facilitating its association with functional interacting partners and eliciting α-syn function.
Conclusion: The study challenges the view that Ser129 phosphorylation directly causes toxicity and proposes a physiologic role in synaptic function. Yet it is done on cultured cells and in mouse brain tissue, so those findings are far from being confirmed in humans. As we all know you can find contradictory studies in scientific literature and only clinical trials are credible (when authorities do not bypass their findings).