Photobiomodulation during sleep effectively stimulates removal of amyloid-β from the brain.

Those of you who have bought an infrared helmet to attenuate your Alzheimer's disease might be interested in using it at night.

Photobiomodulation is a non-pharmacological approach based on the use of red or near-infrared light that has shown very promising results in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease in pilot clinical and animal studies. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognizes photobiomodulation as safe.

It was recently discovered that photobiomodulation effectively stimulates lymphatic removal of wastes and toxins, including amyloid-β, from the brain.

A lymphatic network of transparent vessels

The Italian anatomist Mascagni discovered the lymphatic network of transparent vessels in the brain meninges of humans in the eighteenth century. The meninges are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. However, for two centuries the dogma was that the cerebrovascular basement membrane which envelops blood vessels in the brain, was a key pathway for protein clearance from the central nervous system.

After 2014, when meningeal lymphatic vessels were re-discovered in the meninges of rodents and humans along the main cerebral veins and the middle meningeal artery, a growing number of results clearly showed that meningeal lymphatic vessels are tunnels for clearance of β amyloid protein from the brain.

Photobiomodulation during deep sleep

Photobiomodulation during deep sleep may provide a better therapy for Alzheimer's disease than photobiomodulation during wakefulness. In a new publication, scientists studied why photobiomodulation during sleep would be more effective in Alzheimer's disease during sleep. Since the brain lymphatics vessels play an important role in the removal of β amyloid protein from the brain and this system is activated during sleep, the scientists tested their hypothesis that photobiomodulation can stimulate clearance of β amyloid protein from the brain via the lymphatics stronger during sleep vs. wakefulness. The authors found the presence of β amyloid protein in meningeal lymphatic vessels after its injection into the hippocampus. As the hippocampus is at the center of the brain, it means the β amyloid protein was moved from the center of the brain to its periphery. These results confirm other data suggesting that meningeal lymphatic vessels are the tunnels for lymphatic transport of β amyloid protein.

To further prove that the injury of lymphatic vessels significantly alters β amyloid protein evacuation from the hippocampus in mice, the scientists photo-ablated meningeal mice's lymphatic vessels with 5-ALA. 5-ALA is usually used to selectively destroy tissues. After this operation, photobiomodulation was used to verify if it could heal mice's lymphatic vessels

The evacuation of β amyloid protein from the hippocampus and its subsequent distribution in the meninges after photo-ablation of meningeal lymphatic vessels was higher in mice that received photobiomodulation during deep sleep than mice treated by photobiomodulation during wakefulness. These data clearly demonstrate that photobiomodulation-mediated restoration of brain lymphatic function contributing to the removal of β amyloid protein from the brain is more effective during deep sleep than in the waking state.

The photobiomodulation was performed with 3835 SMD LED (central wavelength 1050 nm and spectrum width of 50 nm). The LED was operated in continuous wave mode with an output power of 50 mW that was distributed over a 3.6 mm spot at the skull surface. The irradiance at the skull surface does not exceed 0.5 W/cm2. The dose for a single 17-minute procedure each day was 500 J/cm2.

Conclusion

Photobiomodulation as a non-invasive and safe approach has high prospects for implementation in clinical practice for the treatment of brain diseases associated with lymphatic disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson’s disease.

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